์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ 4

CH6-1 Concurrency : Deadlock and Starvation

Deadlock1. ์ตœ์†Œ 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ block ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค.2. block ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋„ block ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. block ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์„œ๋กœ semSignal()์„ ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ semSignal()์„ ํ•ด ์ค„ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด block ๋ผ์„œ block ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.=> deadlock semSignal ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” deadlock ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค. semWait ์ˆœ์„œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— deadlock์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Deadlock์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด: 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ deadlock์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ 1. Mutual Exclusion: ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋งŒ์ด ์ž์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2. Hold-and-Wait: ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค..

CH11-2 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling

RAID(Redundant Array of Independent Disks)๋‹จ์ผ ๋””์Šคํฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฐ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์„ ๋””์Šคํฌ 4๊ฐœ์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋””์Šคํฌ์˜ ํ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 1/4์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์†๋„๋Š” 4๋ฐฐ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. RAID ๋ชฉ์ 1. ๋””์Šคํฌ access ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ2. recovery๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ RAID 0 (non-redundant)ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ strip์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋’ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. strip 0, strip 1, strip 2, strip 3์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ..

CH11-1 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling

Operating System Design Objectives1. ํšจ์œจ์„ฑI/O ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” CPU์™€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋А๋ฆฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.I/O์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฒ”์šฉ์„ฑ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ I/O ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค. - ์ฝ๊ธฐ read- ์“ฐ๊ธฐ write Disk Performance ParametersAccess Time: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋””์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (Seek Time + Rotational Delay or Latency)- Seek Time: ๋””์Šคํฌ ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ ค์„œ ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”)- Rotational Delay or La..

CH10-1 Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling

Classifications of Multiprocessor SystemsLoosely coupled or distributed multiprocessor, or cluster: ๊ฐ CPU๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์™€ I/O ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. Fucntionally specialized processors: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ CPU๊ฐ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ CPU๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ CPU์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. Tightly coupled multiprocessor - 10์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ: ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” CPU๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋œ๋‹ค.: ๋ชจ๋“  CPU๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต์œ ์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค. Synchroni..